Things to make out of leather

 

Once everything was stitched together I had to size it correctly for the cards. Apr 18, 2022 · 10. by Pranav Gharge. If you enjoyed these lace crafts, I’d love for you to check out these other ideas: Decorate a Vase One of These Pretty Ways. Oct 27, 2020 · Consider intended use for such belt too: for a dress belt, 8 oz should be OK, but for a gun belt you're gonna need 12 oz or greater. Stunner Shades Key Chain. Veg tan leather is tanned with tannin-rich vegetable oils that have been extracted from tree bark. What a crazy easy project to make, great gift idea, and actually useful storage solution! Find more of our favorite projects below. Hanging shoe jewelry rack. These are so cute! Try it out! Found PM Between the Lines . Some cheaper options can be quite flimsy. Published Nov 1, 2021. I have included 14 different designs for you to choose from. Jun 24, 2016 · Running shoe herb garden. The craft store sells paper mache eggs - which you can turn into pretty pinecones for your Christmas tree! This lace craft is way easier than you think. With the availability of leather scraps in various sizes and shapes, you can easily find options suitable for your crafting needs. Ensure the rag at this point is completely damp, not wet. This will give your leather a beautiful sheen and make your embossed design really stand out. 10 Leather or Faux Leather DIY Projects. 50. If you have a friend who likes writing, drawing or even doodling, you now know what gift to give on her coming birthday! 4. To make a beautiful jewelry holder using scrap leather, you will first need to cut the leather pieces as big as you desire. This technique requires a 10-inch by 2-inch piece of Leather. This might seem obvious, though in all the excitement it’s easy to dive right in. Leather with the entire grain intact is called full grain. These should be approximately 3 cm from the top edge and 3 cm from the bottom edge. . All you need is some scrap leather, scissors, and an awl. Step 1: Place your leather on a cutting board or a self-healing cutting mat. Repeat the process as necessary until the mold smell is completely gone. 5. Believed to be the first fabric crafted with human hands, leather has evolved significantly over the millennia. Follow the easy step by step tutorials to learn how. For real leather, when it comes into contact with water or any liquid, it penetrates the pores and causes the dye molecules to break down and wash away. You don’t have to buy a full yard. 7 L) of hydrated lime and 5 US gal (19 L) of water in a large basin, bucket, or barrel. Patterns allow new concepts without risking leather. Jul 3, 2018 · From cute accessories to fashionable and chic pouches for electronics, we have 31 of the best leather crafts for you to check out. Feb 7, 2021 · The options are truly endless as to how creative you can get with leather, which also makes it a great material for DIY projects. Cut out the tracing with scissors. Flip the animal over and finish removing the hide. If you're soaking the leather in a bucket or a tub, place the item in the water, then push it down to ensure it's completely submerged. 1 | Solve a Problem. Hold the ruler firmly and slowly roll the rotary cutter along the ruler’s edge. If you’re using your Cricut to cut, you can customize or recreate this project. Dec 1, 2022 · The most common types of leather—veg tan and chrome tan—have very different tanning processes. Making leather stamps is crucial – sanding off any markings on the bolt head. Since it's a very old hide, make something old from it. Oct 30, 2022 · Apply the leather conditioner to a clean cloth and rub it into the leather. Some sell remnants for next to nothing. Later, I will trim a little at the edge to make it look like T shape. 3 2. Around the circumference of the circle, makes holes about 4cm away from the border and about 5cm apart. Then, loosen the two screws on the side of the cross arm enough to allow the blade to slip out smoothly from the side. 2 pieces to make the coin pocket: one for the cap, one for the body; 3 same-size leather pieces to craft card holder. Nov 22, 2020 - Explore Hannah Hardwick's board "things to make out of deer hide" on Pinterest. To further protect your leather from damage and wear, you may choose to add a sealer or protective coating. Ear Buds Taco. See more ideas about deer hide, deer skin, leather projects. It is considered higher quality in comparison to chrome tan. Since time immemorial, animal hide or leather has been utilized to protect everyday use and on the battlefield in many regions. Industrial Felt Basket. By Webster dictionary a leatherworker is someone who works with leather, creating different items out of leather. Jan 1, 1973 · Things to Make With Leather: Techniques & Projects [Richard Osborne] on Amazon. Oct 20, 2023 · From A Leather Belt To A Leather Yoga Mat Strap: 40 Fun DIY Leather Projects. Happy crafting! 1. "Mabel had been hidden away in a box of vintage fabric offcuts but with such an outgoing personality it was no surprise that Sep 18, 2023 · Take your pencil and outline the template design as precisely as you can onto the backside of the leather piece. You’ll want to go for a better quality straw when crafting with them if you want your craft to last. A water-soak method is an effective way to stretch leather. Bridle or oak tanned leather works best for stamping. Here's my thoughts. It’s important to know the first step of the process -sanding off any markings on the bolt head starting with a coarse grit and then switching to a better grit for an ideal smooth finish. 3 / 7. Check upholstery stores too. I've gathered some ideas on this board, so I can remember them!. Stitched Leather Keychain. Jun 8, 2023 · Here are some tips for how to harden leather. Aug 17, 2007 · It’d make nice wallets, bags, and holders for things like a belt pouch – I made a leather belt loop to hold my secateurs ‘cos I always need to put them down for a minute to use both hands. Use a Water Soak Method. Knee Pads for construction workers. The odors from the bag should transfer across to the baking soda. Step 2: Grab a t-square. This is an easy project that yields big results, so definitely consider adding it to your repertoire. Nov 25, 2022 · Pour Water into the pot using a 2 to 1 ratio with the plant matter. Use a leather hardening oil or wax to keep your leather in good condition and prevent it from drying out. The most profitable leathergoods that you can make, hands-down are going to be the ones that solve a problem or make someones life easier for a group of people. Try this one out! Found Crafts Uprint . Cut out a circle of about 54cm (21. This way, you can make the most out of each piece of leather that you have. (via Always Rooney) 22. Jul 11, 2020 · First, cut the belt into strips of equal length. The natural dye is not ready to apply to your material. If you’re looking for a great idea for a new leather crafting project, check out the inspiration below. Firstly, it helps get rid of dirt, stains, and grime that can build up over time. This not only enhances the overall appearance but also prevents any harm to the leather surface. The carbon will transfer onto the leather, creating a perfect outline for you to follow. You can make a variety of items such as keychains, coasters, dice pouches, leather rings, bracelets, and more. You will want to maintain a gentle circular cleaning motion when doing this. Leave the bottom open/unstitched for about 4”. They’re fantastic for when you Feb 15, 2024 · Once finished, remove the leather and masking tape from the mat, and (if desired) add a wash to bring in a little color. Jun 11, 2024 · Soak the skin in a hydrated lime mixture for 6 to 10 days. Jun 6, 2021 · Leatherworking is undeniably one of the most respected crafts today. Sadly, leather goods from high-end stores like Kate Spade, Coach, or Anthropologie can come with a hefty price tag, which is why we've compiled this collection of 60+ Leather May 22, 2021 · If you plan to make these in quantity with real leather, you’ll be better off getting full sheets. Let it Dry: After you clean the leather, let it air dry. For that reason we have put together a list of projects that range from beginner to advanced so that you can grow your skills. Step 4: Get to work. 11. Jan 10, 2021 - Explore Mary Mendoza's board "Faux Leather Projects", followed by 114 people on Pinterest. Between plastic straws and paper straws, you really have lots of possibilities for things to make with straws. Step 3: Get a utility knife or craft knife. Nov 1, 2021 · Cricut Maker Leather Projects: 10 Neat Ideas to DIY. Depending on the colour scheme you choose for your bouquet, you can make this decor look bright and friendly or antique and rustic. Whether you are wearing it as an article of clothing, sporting it as an accessory, or displaying it in your home as a piece of decor, leather is the one material that can instantly make you feel luxurious and elegant. Form a tube of leather by connecting the two main strips of leather together, inside out. Dec 21, 2023 · Taking care of your car’s leather interior has many advantages. DIY Monogram Keyring. May 30, 2017 · 5. Bracelets from Shoelaces . Keep these things in mind while cleaning: Ventilation is key. These cute color block monogram keyrings by Damask Love are super easy to make, and like the other keyring project in this roundup, they’d make a great beginner project if you’re new to working with leather on a Cricut. Â However, some high-end designers still want to be sure they’re getting the best quality, and even with a high-grade extra large alligator hide Step 2: Prepare the Closure. Ideal for beginners, this simple project involves techniques such as cutting leather into a rectangular shape, punching holes for the strap, and applying a grommet. See more ideas about leather projects, diy leather earrings, leather diy. DIY leather heart keychains. Place the skin into the mixture for at least 6 days, so the hair comes off easily. DIY Leather Hair Bows. Pull the flesh off the hide. Similarly, make two holes in the centre of each of the previously prepared stacks of pages. To do so, you’ll need a container of warm water, and the item of leather you want to stretch. Take an ordinary clock and use a couple of thin leather belts to hug it tight and secure it to the wall. Still, a part of these is traditional leather working techniques that paved its development and an inspiration to the new Step 3: Wetforming. Go to the library, buy, borrow or photocopy "Wildwood Wisdom" by Ellsworth Jaeger. Over time, many techniques have arisen to produce a better leather product. Things to Make With Leather: Techniques & Projects Feb 6, 2024 · Here are a ton of gorgeous DIY leather projects you can make using your Cricut or by hand. Tiny Leather Pouch. One of the most exciting things about the release of the Cricut Maker and Cricut Knife Blade is the ability to cut leather more easily. Folding faux leather causes creases and wrinkles. See more ideas about leather, leather diy, leather craft. Tips. These 10 leather or faux leather DIY projects are great crafting projects to make! The majority of these projects can also be made within an hour or so! These DIY projects all use leather, (or you can use faux leather if you really do not want to use real leather). These personal bracelets are another way to make leather jewelry with your Cricut. Let the baking soda work on the bag for at least 24 hours. Flannel + Leather Snap Scarf. Contact with water. If you have worked on a leather project, you must be aware of leather scraps. Tie a small knot near the closed end, make sure to keep a loop. Aug 14, 2013 · 20. Sew the bottom onto the tube of leather. The deep, natural dyes absorb into the hide and give a rich, lasting color that develops a beautiful patina over time. See more ideas about leather jewelry, leather diy, leather. DIY Leather Tassel Keychain. And this product is always in high demand. Tie another knot at the end after you're done beading. Cowboy boot vase. com. Inside, you'll see two slots where the blade fits snugly. 4. People who craft wallets and belts with buffalo leather love using it for its Nov 16, 2023 · Scrap leather projects offer a creative way to repurpose and use leftover leather materials. 25 inches) on your leather. Attach the lining to the leather bag by stitching together along the opening and clean finishing the zipper tape. This leather pencil cap project is a great way to give your writing utensils a unique and stylish look. If you need to, turn it over and soak the other side, as well. I made mine 1/2 an inch wide. This also helps to bring attention to the engraved line work. If you have a hairdryer handy, you can use it to remove smaller dents from leather. Elegant Clock Hanger. For faux leather, the water can damage the protective coating on top and expose the dyed or Jul 28, 2019 · Leather has more stretch perpendicular to the direction of the spine, and generally you want that stretch to go around the foot, with less stretch from heel to toe. Apr 9, 2021 - Explore Barb Bolton's board "things to make out of leather" on Pinterest. -Leathercraft techniques. Aug 24, 2018 · 3. Found Cut Out and Keep . 2 – You may prefer to score it with your knife/Cricut and then finish cutting by hand. With a wide range of materials available, you can make a lot on a Cricut Maker. 85. what are some nice, easy things to make out of 4-5 oz leather? Flask covers, journal covers or book binding, key chains, small pouches, knife sheaths. Leather remains, however, one of the most desirable textile products due to its durability, water-resistance, insulative properties, and luxurious softness. 558K subscribers in the Leathercraft community. Dec 25, 2017 · Posted December 26, 2017. Be sure not to push the cutter too hard or twist the blade in the wrong direction. Attach them to a stump and plant directly in them to create a unique little corner in your yard that juxtaposes commercial things and greenery. Just in case you’re feeling very interested indeed in the idea of making something that involves leather stamping but you know you won’t use a tie clip, here’s a beautiful alternative from Polkadot Chair that’s just as simple but maybe a little less specific. Start Engraving. Split the sternum, spread the rib cage and remove the organs. Take a better look at their tutorial to see Aug 27, 2019 · Here are my 3 tips to choose the most profitable leathergoods to make and sell. If you’re using a snap for closure, punch holes in both ends of the leather strip using a leather hole punch. Can Tab and Shoelace Bracelet~ Make a cool bracelet from can tabs and shoelaces. Take an ordinary flannel scarf and add a touch of luxury with some leather snaps – voila! You’ve got a stylish, one-of-a-kind scarf that is perfect for both men and women. I kept that in mind as I cut, but still tried to be as economical as I could - each piece nested in as close as possible to another, which worked out well in the end as I had about 40-50% of each hide left over! Apr 20, 2016 · Assemble and attach the lining pieces: 1. Apr 26, 2024 · Method 1: Use a Hairdryer. You can use leather to make many different things. Mix 4 to 5 US qt (3. Leather (or faux leather) is such a Jan 6, 2023 · 13. The glue will set in about 5 minutes. Bone folder – For folding the ends of the leather. a little preparation makes it all smoother, and more enjoyable. Step 3: Get leather. Mostly available in 12×12 sheets, these are perfect for your Cricut crafts, but also great for others. To begin, measure the circumference of your pencil or pen and trace it onto the leather. Loosen the screw at the top of the handle and simply take out the cross arm. Full grain. Split leather. Medium grit sandpaper, 200-400. Craftaholics Annonymous suggests turning sections of the belt into napkin rings! Their tutorial will teach you how to cut them into sections and choose between making them a width that you can slide the napkin in and out of or How to Make a Leather Belt – Step 1: Gather All Tools & Materials. Stunning leather napkin ring. Step 2: Make pattern. Mar 21, 2020 - Explore Allyssa Winters's board "Faux Leather Crafts" on Pinterest. Leather Belt. See more ideas about leather diy, diy leather earrings, cricut crafts. I think you need to redefine your process to: Step 1: Decide what to make. Jan 8, 2019 · 2 big leather pieces are the main parts: one piece should be longer than the other roughly 2 cm for the thickness of money. Feb 22, 2017 · Cow, Lamb, calf, and goatskin are the most used in the leather industry. Shoelace Sewing{free templates}~ Four free templates for children to practice sewing. 8 to 4. Click "Upload" on the left side of the canvas. Start beading the strip through the open end. For a snap closure, attach the snap components to the punched holes, following the manufacturer’s instructions. If you're using a spray bottle, lay the leather item flat, then completely soak the entire surface. Glycerine soap bar – For burnishing the edges of the leather. This is a great way to practice simple sewing skills Oct 24, 2021 · STEP 1: GET MY FREE DIY LEATHER EARRINGS DESIGN FILE. Step 4: Now, begin to wipe down the leather. Jul 25, 2023 · Apply the Finish: Using a soft cloth, apply the finish to the leather. This is a very broad term that can be broken down into many different specialties of leather working. May 30, 2009 · Alligator leather jewelry – Smaller applications of alligator leather are usually in jewelry such as key rings, wristbands, and other small pieces that can use lower-grade quality cuts of leather. Jun 8, 2023 · Here are the best steps of making your Leather Stamps. Finally, drive screws through the holes, using hex nuts to fasten. I used a template initially to make sure that it would be the right size, but I wanted it to be a tight fit so I only made it just big enough. This problem doesn’t have to be a big problem. Apr 13, 2018 - Explore Diane CARTER's board "things to make out of leather" on Pinterest. Bring the mixture to a boil and then dial back the heat and let it simmer for approximately 30 minutes. The worker skives, cuts, shapes, molds, stitches and makes leather items. To make up for this I needed to stretch the leather. Personalized leather bracelet. Repeat this process until you have the desired length. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. I love the feel of leather; even though I usually try to upcycle it from old leather clothing, I still want to be sure and use up the scraps that are leftover. Gum tragacanth – For burnishing. Neatsfoot oil – For softening the leather. Beautiful Leather flower hand cut and hand made leather petals with adjustable snap closure. Regular cleaning and conditioning can also prevent cracking, fading, and wear. Dec 20, 2021 · The leather is full grain and thick, and the tanning process is excellent. Button Pom Pom Leather Cuff Choice of Color by SexySkinsLeather, $124. Leather is such a fun, trendy material and it works in so many decor and fashion styles. Jun 21, 2017 · 1. Leather from Cow hide. See Amazon reviews and pricing. If you too are wondering what to do with leather remnants, keep reading for the curated list of 15 Simply cut a large sheet of fabric and draw lines across it. Leather Charm-1: Fold the leather strip into half. The embossing on the leather lanyards was pressed deep and appears to endure as long as the lanyard itself. Things to make out of leather offcuts. Easy DIY Designer-Inspired Leather Key Chain. Manufacturers use a mechanical fleshing machine to remove the flesh from the inside of the skin. The top of your pants isn’t the only thing an old leather belt can cinch well. Nov 1, 2021 · Cricut – Finally, while these are not quite scraps, they are more affordable pieces of small batch leather that’s great for these crafts to make with leather scraps, and for when you’re looking to save. If you’re using a self-healing mat with lines on it, you can just use a ruler. Next, poke holes in the belts that correspond to the holes on cabinet doors. Mar 29, 2022 · Just let the Cricut maker cut the leather into the favorite animal, food, or shape of your friend/relative. You can use a plate to map out the diameter. -Choosing hides and skins. cutegirlshairstyles. 15. Cut the leather according to the pattern and punch 37. It can be some simple but the key Apr 30, 2012 · Leather Luggage Tag. Check out these artistic Cricut leather projects! Advertisement. Jun 28, 2022 · 57. You can make these leather bracelets complex as you want. If it’s quite thin leather then it’s reasonably easy to sew – try putting it though a sewing machine in single layers to punch the holes, then Feb 28, 2024 · Step 3: Still maintaining a dampened rag, agitate the rag so that the suds starts to foam. Buff the Leather: Once the finish has dried, buff the leather with a clean cloth. The shapes include a kite, guitar, flower and boat. 1. Nov 14, 2019 · Cut off excess leather with a utility knife, or wrap and glue your leather around any contours. That's all I can think of off the top of my head. It is an exceptionally amazing material. -Things to make with leather May 13, 2020 · Find loads of balloon crafts here! Material #3: Drinking Straws. You can also make a jewelry holder out of leather scraps. Today we are going to explain what is a Feb 15, 2024 · Photo Credit: Turtles and Tails. 08/28/2019. You may have heard of different names like calfskin, reptile, lambskin, kip etc. These products can be clothes, shoes, accessories, and many others. A belt can be the perfect beginner project since it’s basically one long piece of material. Another nice thing about this craft is that you can use up remnants from previous ones. You will be amazed to discover that leather scraps can be just as useful and amazing as leather. (Photo via Pinterest) We love the contrast that filling an old, worn cowboy boot with fresh, bright flowers creates. Store the material rolled up. To make a wash, mix acrylic paint with water and then brush it onto the leather. This is the most popularly used leather – and the leather made from an adult cow is the most used. DIY Travel Leather Purse Charms. Feb 8, 2021 · To make this no sew leather bag, you'll be making use of: Leather; Elastic ribbon (about 80cm long) Scissors; Steps. If you’re using a laser engraver, the process is relatively simple. If you’ve ever wanted to try out leatherworking for yourself but were too intimidated, then these simple DIYs are the perfect place for you to get started. Run Ragnar suggests disinfecting your comfiest old running shoes and transforming them into an herb garden display. Simply feed the shoelace ends through the soda tabs. Sew 2 thin leather strips on either side of one of the main pieces of leather (one behind and one in front of it). This is the most common cause of why the leather dye on your item is peeling off. Draw a pattern on the leather scraps, then sew them together. Dec 26, 2022 · Simply place the carbon paper underneath the leather, and then trace your design onto the paper. When the leather is corrected in any way, it is called top grain. Feb 8, 2024 · 1- Cut your leather to the width you want by 1 inch using your preferred method (hand or machine). Fabric stores will often sell faux leather by the half yard. This is a gorgeous look and so very easy to recreate. Clean off a work surface. Each tutorial will help to make sure you Dec 9, 2022 · Sew the unsewn holes of the straps to the main pieces of leather. Make sure they align when the bracelet is wrapped around your wrist. Make sure you have a new blade so that it’s sharp. What Is The Easiest Thing To Make Out Of Leather? One of the easiest things to make out of leather is a simple keychain. Wring out any excess water from the rag. Drop a ring down the drain? Try this! Found One Good Thing . Apr 28, 2024 · 3. Be sure to cover the entire surface, including the edges. Fold Over Clutch: The aqua zipper against the pink leather makes this the perfect clutch for any color blocking lover… so count us in! (via Say Yes to Hoboken) 21. Now it’s time to start engraving. With right sides together, sew the front and back lining pieces together along the sides and base. Patterns can range from small tracing pieces to large detailed pieces with marks for every hole needed in the design. Set aside. What you need to make leather name keychains: Faux leather or genuine leather; Key rings; Hot glue gun or leather glue; Detail scissors; I highly recommend using a good quality hot glue gun for this as you get a more solid core on your key chain Dec 17, 2021 · Scrunchies may be made in a matter of minutes. Full grain leather, even though it may have blemishes, is more expensive and more sought-after than top grain leather because of its durability and longevity. Contact cement – For gluing the ends of the leather. Bonded leather. Jul 13, 2023 · Scrub Out Stains: For tough stains, put a bit of undiluted cleaner on a soft cloth and rub in circles until they’re gone. Let's start with the first method. Submerge the leather in the water for about 10 minutes, allowing it to soak up the moisture. The process is straightforward, allowing even those with no prior experience in leatherworking to achieve a professional-looking finish. Hello, DIYers! Today we are talking about our love of creamy, soft leather! It makes for great wallets, bags, and more! It can, however, be a little bit tricky to work with. Oct 25, 2010 · The natural appeal of leather. Simply direct the hairdryer’s heat towards the dent for a few seconds, then gently rub the area with your fingers. Gifts for Her. 15+ leather scraps projects to use up small pieces of leather in a crafty way. Rubber boot birdhouses. Jan 4, 2024 · Place the leather on a cutting mat and line up the ruler to where you want to cut. Jun 28, 2021 · Check out the layered approach using faux leather. You can customize the shape, size, and hardware color to make it your own. persialou. Bead to as much as you want, but remember to keep enough strip to create another knot at the end. (My favorite book from childhood) In it are lots of old ways about making clothing and stuff from hides. I used to make leather goods for a living, so just a couple of pointers on stamping leather. (Photo via 1001 Gardens) As if little wooden 4. If the leather/paper cover has completely dried, use an awl to make 6 holes in it, as shown by the red marks in the diagram below. Sep 26, 2023 · Peel back the skin with your fingers or a knife. Cheap and easy! Shoe Lace Craft. Leather Shoe Lace Bracelets . Nov 18, 2022 · Place the leather bag and the baking soda-filled sock inside a large resealable plastic bag. This is a subreddit for people interested in learning about leatherworking with a focus on skills…. Nothing beats a traditional gift like this leather journal, because writing is a habit that does not die down too easily. 6. Once the mold smell is gone, you can enjoy your leather goods without worry! furniture. Here is what my complete collection looks like assembled. Mar 30, 2024 - As a shoemaker, I have lots of scraps and am always looking for projects that will use them. Down the Sink Metal Retriever . Leather pattern making is the process of planning out the details of a full-sized leather project on a variety of materials. Leather Journal Writing Diary. Strain the plant matter out of the liquid mixture. If you’re tracing multiple designs onto one piece of leather, try to squeeze them as close together as possible. The heat will cause the leather to expand, and the dent should pop out. 3. This type of leather typically takes a longer amount of time to create. Leather knee pads are made to endure and act as the best protection gears. Passport Holder: The polka dots, the simple inspiring message… this whole project is giving us a serious case of wanderlust. They’ll alter the texture and cause cracking or warping. Method One. Don’t use heaters or hair dryers. Pure beeswax – Final step in burnishing. Jun 28, 2023 - Find creative ideas on ways to make use of that extra leather you have laying around the shop! Don't have any extra? We carry a wide range of scrap by the pound at The Leather Guy!. Alternatively, place both items inside an airtight container. -Tools you'll need. Leather is a natural fabric made using tanned animal skin. It can be a kitchen table, workbench, even a coffee table. Shoelace Sewing . Saturate the leather completely with hot water. First, download my free DIY Leather Earrings file, design #328, from my free resource library. 2. Because the material is soft and flexible, no specific equipment or abilities are required to make them. Let the leather conditioner sit for a few minutes, then wipe it off with a clean cloth. You’ll need a pattern, some leather, a box knife, and a pen to mark the edges and rivet holes. Turn that leather belt – or a couple of them in this case – into a great clock. Here are the explanations for the most popular. mj fk hi yf ex vq uw bi tj fj